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The results are compared to similar LHC measurements as well as to several viscous hydrodynamic calculations with varying initial conditions. The multiparticle azimuthal cumulant method is used to measure the linear and mode-coupled contributions in the higher-order anisotropic flow, the mode-coupled response coefficients, and the correlations of the event plane angles for charged particles as functions of centrality and transverse momentum in Au+Au collisions at nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy sNN= 200 GeV. These higher-order flow harmonics and their linear and mode-coupled contributions can be used to more precisely constrain the initial conditions and the transport properties of the medium in theoretical models. While lower order Fourier coefficients (v2 and v3) are more directly related to the corresponding eccentricities of the initial state, the higher-order flow harmonics (vn>3) can be induced by a mode-coupled response to the lower-order anisotropies, in addition to a linear response to the same-order anisotropies. Among these, the transverse momentum correlator $$G_])$ as a function of system-size, shape and beam-energy could provide more stringent constraints to discern between initial-state models and hence, more reliable extractions of $\eta/s$.įlow harmonics (vn) of the Fourier expansion for the azimuthal distributions of hadrons are commonly employed to quantify the azimuthal anisotropy of particle production relative to the collision symmetry planes. Two-particle transverse momentum correlation functions are a powerful technique for understanding the dynamics of relativistic heavy-ion collisions. These conclusions follow provided that standard large-N scaling rules hold, the system at large N undergoes a generic first-order phase transition between the hadronic and plasma phases and that the mesons and glueballs follow a Hagedorn-type spectrum. The thermodynamic limit of large volumes becomes subtle for such systems: the energy density is no longer intensive. Rather, in a hadronic description, energy is pushed to hadrons with masses that are arbitrarily large. However, the connection between the canonical and microcanonical descriptions breaks down and the system cannot fully equilibrate as N→∞. For energy densities of order unity in a 1/N expansion but beyond the endpoint of the hadronic superheated phase, a description of homogeneous matter composed of ordinary hadrons with masses of order unity in a 1/N expansion can exist, and acts as though it has a temperature of TH in order unity. The supercooled deconfined plasma present at large N, if it exists, has the remarkable property that it has negative absolute pressure-i.e., a pressure below that of the vacuum. The existence of a first-order transition suggests that the hadronic phase can be superheated and the plasma phase supercooled.
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One aspect of this separation is that at large N, one can unambiguously identify a plasma regime that is strongly coupled.
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In the limit of a large number of colors (N), both Yang-Mills and quantum chromodynamics are expected to have a first-order phase transition separating a confined hadronic phase and a deconfined plasma phase.